Acupuncture was a market worth over $24 billion in 2017, yet the scientific consensus described in this episode treats it as theatrical placebo. A modern session uses five to 20 stainless steel needles between 0.16 and 0.46 millimeters wide, manipulated until the patient feels de qi and the practitioner feels needle grasp. To test it, researchers built sham needles that retract into their handles like stage daggers and also placed real needles at random points. The sham versions generally worked as well as real acupuncture, and imaging and histology have found no physical evidence of qi, meridians, or acupuncture points.

The episode traces the practice back to sharpened bian stones used to drain pus and release demons through bloodletting, then to the Huangdi Neijing around 100 BC and an early form tied to moon phases and the seasons. Fine steel needles changed the theory along with the tool. Willem ten Rhijne published the first detailed Western treatise in 1683, and Europeans recast the needles as electrical conductors. After 1949, Mao Zedong folded scattered folk practices into Traditional Chinese Medicine as cheap care for a modernizing country.

• A 1998 review found trials from China, Japan, Taiwan and Russia were uniformly 100 percent positive
• A 2012 review of 88 systematic reviews in Chinese journals found most appeared in journals with an impact factor of zero
• Escalating variants include sound wave sonopuncture, fire needling, and bee venom injected into acupoints
• The UK’s National Health Service recorded 468 acupuncture safety incidents from 2009 to 2011, including collapsed lungs
• Practitioners themselves cannot agree on where acupuncture points are located