Alice in Wonderland syndrome makes a person’s own hands look like a toddler’s, stretches a nearby wall into the distance, and turns the hum of a refrigerator deafening, all while the person knows none of it is real. This episode walks through the distortions: micropsia and macropsia, objects looming close or receding far away, the feeling of body parts growing or shrinking, depersonalization, derealization, and a broken sense of time and speed. Brain scans point to the temporo-parieto-occipital junction, where visual and body-position signals merge, showing abnormal electrical activity and reduced blood flow during episodes.

In more than half of cases the trigger is unknown. In children, the documented causes are mostly infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, influenza A, chickenpox, coxsackievirus, and Zika; in adults, migraines dominate, with about 1 in 10 chronic migraine sufferers reporting symptoms. The name comes from British psychiatrist John Todd, who in 1955 argued that Lewis Carroll drew Alice’s transformations from his own migraine auras. The episode weighs that theory against the mushroom theory and explains why the condition still has no code in the DSM-5 or ICD-10.

• Cortical spreading depression, the slow electrical wave behind migraine aura, explained
• Carroll’s diary references to bilious headaches and his 1856 visit to ophthalmologist William Bowman
• The 1909 coinage of Lilliputian hallucinations after Gulliver’s Travels
• Why frightened children often hide symptoms and how doctors use their drawings as clues
• Episodes lasting minutes to an hour and fading once the underlying cause is treated