BlackRock manages $15.3 trillion as of 2026, and its story begins with a loss. In the 1980s Larry Fink ran the fixed income division at First Boston and helped pioneer the mortgage-backed security, until falling interest rates in 1986 set off a wave of refinancing his models had not accounted for and his desk lost $90 million. Pushed out, Fink built a firm around enterprise risk management. In 1988 he and colleagues including Robert Kapito and Susan Wagner pitched Peter Peterson and Stephen Schwarzman at Blackstone, which provided a $5 million credit line in exchange for a 50% stake in what began as Blackstone Financial Management. Assets reached $2.7 billion by 1989. When Schwarzman refused to dilute Blackstone’s stake to fund equity for new hires, the unit, by then called BlackRock, was sold to PNC Financial Services for $240 million, a sale Schwarzman later called a heroic mistake.

BlackRock went public in 1999 at $14 a share and built Aladdin, a risk platform that runs thousands of Monte Carlo simulations across a portfolio and is rented to other institutions through BlackRock Solutions. In 2008 the Fed and Treasury turned to the firm to value toxic assets, and it oversaw a $130 billion debt settlement tied to Bear Stearns and AIG. The $13.5 billion purchase of Barclays Global Investors in 2010 brought iShares and made BlackRock one of the big three of passive investing alongside Vanguard and State Street, raising questions about common ownership of competing companies. Fink’s push into ESG drew fire from both sides: Florida, Louisiana and West Virginia pulled over $13.3 billion in state funds, while groups such as GreenFaith and Extinction Rebellion protested its fossil fuel holdings. Fink later dropped the term ESG.

• Aladdin stands for Asset, Liability and Debt and Derivative Investment Network.
• BlackRock bought State Street Research in 2004 and merged with Merrill Lynch Investment Managers in 2006.
• The government hired BlackRock again in 2020 for corporate bond buying and in 2023 to sell $114 billion in assets seized from Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.
• Recent moves include the $12.5 billion purchase of Global Infrastructure Partners and a spot Bitcoin ETF that drew $20 billion.
• Its Voting Choice program lets institutional clients cast their own proxy votes, and it launched an iShares Texas Equity ETF.