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Just past midnight on September 26, 1983, Soviet officer Stanislav Petrov sat in the Serpukhov-15 bunker outside Moscow as the early warning system reported five American ICBMs inbound. Reasoning that a real first strike would involve hundreds of missiles, he reported a false alarm; satellites had mistaken sunlight on high-altitude clouds for launches. The episode traces the 44-year standoff behind that moment: Truman’s harder line after Roosevelt died in April 1945, George Kennan’s 8,000-word Long Telegram of February 1946, Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech in Fulton, Missouri, which Stalin answered by comparing him to Hitler, and the Marshall Plan’s $13 billion, which Stalin barred the Eastern bloc from accepting.

Soviet spies inside the Manhattan Project helped the USSR test a bomb in 1949, the Venona Project decrypted Soviet cables, and Kim Philby betrayed Venona as early as 1946. Proxy wars ran from Greece and Turkey to Korea, Vietnam and Cuba, while Tito’s Yugoslavia took U.S. aid as a communist state outside Moscow’s control. After the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 and the Able Archer 83 exercise brought the world close to accidental war, the decisive blow came on a balance sheet: with U.S. encouragement Saudi Arabia raised oil output in the mid-1980s, prices collapsed, and the hard currency Moscow used to import grain vanished, pushing Gorbachev into reforms that ended with the Soviet Union’s dissolution in December 1991.

• KGB active measures used forged documents and fake defectors, and from 1959 to 1973 the CIA vetted and often detained genuine Eastern bloc defectors.
• Historian Raymond Garthoff concluded that spies rarely drove major political decisions on either side.
• The Truman Doctrine sent $400 million to Greece and Turkey to suppress communist insurgencies.
• Khrushchev’s 1956 “We will bury you,” spoken at the Polish embassy in Moscow, expressed Marxist certainty that capitalism would collapse on its own.
• The Soviet economy depended on oil exports for the dollars and pounds needed to buy grain abroad.