At the climax of one of the most consequential battles of the 16th century, elite Ottoman Janissaries ran out of ammunition and began hurling oranges and lemons at Spanish infantry, a deadly food fight breaking out amid the carnage. October 7th, 1571: more than 450 warships and 130,000 men converged at Lepanto in the last great battle fought between rowing galleys, and the day a continent stopped believing the Ottoman Empire was invincible.

This episode follows the road to the battle: the flaying of a Venetian commander that outraged Europe into forming the Holy League, an alliance so fragile its commanders were executing each other’s soldiers before leaving port. It covers the Venetian galleasses bristling with artillery, the sawed-off bows that turned ships into gun platforms, and the strange aftermath in which the tactical losers won the peace, the Ottomans rebuilt 150 galleys in six months, and the real casualty was a myth.

• Famagusta’s broken surrender and the flaying of Bragadin: the atrocity that built the Holy League
• Allies who hated each other: Spain’s African priorities, Venice’s trade routes, and a hanged Spanish soldier
• Galleasses and sawed-off bows: the firepower gap of 1,815 guns against 750
• Winning the battle, losing the war: Cyprus handed over anyway and the Grand Vizier’s smug arithmetic
• Cervantes’ left arm, the Feast of the Rosary, and why power often rests on the assumption of power