Ingvar Kamprad started a mail-order business on his family’s farm in Småland, Sweden, in 1943 at age 17, selling pens, matches and picture frames, and only began selling furniture in 1948. The name IKEA combines his initials with Elmtaryd, the farm, and Agunnaryd, his home village. Because Kamprad had dyslexia, he replaced numeric product codes with names: Swedish places for sofas and coffee tables, Norwegian places for beds and Danish places for textiles. The first store opened in Älmhult in 1958, followed by Norway in 1963 and Switzerland in 1973. Flat packs let a truck carry 400 chairs instead of 40, and stores route shoppers along a one-way path the company calls the long natural way.

IKEA entered Japan in 1974, a market without a do-it-yourself furniture culture, withdrew by 1986 and returned in 2006 with showrooms sized to Japanese apartments. A 2012 Ernst and Young report led IKEA to admit it had known forced labor by political prisoners might be used at East German suppliers in the 1980s and failed to stop it, and files show deals in Ceaușescu’s Romania that sent six-figure overpayments to an account controlled by the Securitate. Profits flow through a structure of INGKA Holding, Inter IKEA Systems and foundations in the Netherlands and Liechtenstein. Kamprad left the board in 2013 at 87, and IKEA ended its print catalog in 2021 after 70 years.

• The IKEA effect describes customers valuing furniture more because they assembled it themselves.
• Retail operator INGKA Holding pays franchise fees to Inter IKEA Systems, which owns the brand.
• A foundation at the top means no shareholders, making a hostile takeover impossible.
• Recent collaborations include Lego storage boxes, Asus gaming furniture and a Byredo fragrance line.
• IKEA has bought 42,000 acres of Texas forest, while Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace accuse it of greenwashing.