By the late 1970s, cheap and accurate quartz watches from Seiko and Citizen, whose crystals vibrate 32,768 times a second, were crushing Switzerland’s mechanical watchmakers. In the early 1980s Ernst Thomke, CEO of ETA, set engineers Elmar Mock and Jacques Müller to build a plastic watch, and marketing consultant Franz Sprecher pushed it toward fashion. The name meant “second watch,” not Swiss watch. Swatch launched in Zurich on March 1, 1983, with 12 models at 50 Swiss francs and a target of one million sales in year one. In 1985 Nicolas G. Hayek and Swiss investors formed SMH, later the Swatch Group, and ultrasonic welding cut parts from over 90 to 51, generating the cash that sustained Omega, Blancpain and Breguet.

Swatch kept experimenting: the 3.9 mm Skin set a Guinness record in 1997, NFC payment models arrived in 2017, and the Bioreloaded line of 2020 used castor seed materials. The System51, introduced in 2013, is a fully mechanical movement of 51 parts assembled by robots and sealed shut. The bioceramic MoonSwatch with Omega in March 2022 caused global sellouts and a one-per-customer limit. In 2023 Malaysian authorities seized 172 Pride watches, and in November 2024 the High Court ruled the warrantless raids illegal.

• Swatch was launched by Jacques Irniger, a marketer who came from Colgate and Nestlé rather than luxury goods.
• The System51 runs on a single central screw, has a 90-hour power reserve and has its rate set by lasers at the factory.
• The Pay model was built for the Chinese market with a cloud service linked to several major Chinese banks.
• MoonSwatch came in 11 colorways themed on the sun, moon and planets and was sold only in physical stores.
• Malaysia’s ban on the Pride watches was gazetted in August 2023, months after the May seizures, so the court ordered them returned.