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The Dhammapada is a collection of 423 short verses in 26 chapters, a central text of Theravada Buddhism preserved in Pali. Its title joins dhamma, meaning truth or doctrine, and pada, meaning foot, path or verse, which is why many scholars leave it untranslated. Tradition holds that the Buddha spoke every verse, but historically it was likely compiled around the third century BCE by an anonymous editor who pulled concise lines from long discourses meant for monks so lay people could use them. Chapters such as The Pairs, The Mind, The Stick, Fools, Old Age and Anger work like a reference guide built on sharp contrasts.

In the fourth or fifth century CE the commentator Buddhaghosa wrote the Dhammapada Atthakatha, attaching 305 backstory legends to the verses. The episode traces parallel versions across Asia: the Gandhari Dharmapada on birch bark scrolls in Kharosthi script, a Patna version, the Udanavarga used in Tibetan Buddhism, and several Chinese translations. Scholars think these descend from a shared oral tradition rather than copying the Pali. In 1855 Danish scholar Viggo Fausbøll published a critical edition with a Latin translation, opening the text to European academics.

• The opening verses say suffering follows an impure mind like a cart wheel follows the ox’s hoof, while happiness follows a pure mind like a shadow.
• Buddhaghosa ties the first verse to Cakkhupala, a monk blinded by intense walking meditation who stepped on insects he could not see and was judged blameless because he had no intent.
• Chapter 10, The Stick, is linked to a story of boys beating a snake because they feared it would bite them.
• Chapter 12 insists that purity and impurity come from oneself and that no one can purify another.
• The episode reconciles Chapter 12 with the not-self teaching of Chapter 20 through the distinction between conventional and ultimate reality.