For centuries, a neighbor judged too argumentative could be strapped into a crude wooden chair, paraded through town to jeers, and plunged into a freezing river. This episode traces the ducking stool from its origin as the cucking stool, a name that has nothing to do with cuckolds. It comes from an old verb meaning to defecate, and the Domesday Book of 1086 records the device in Chester under a Latin name meaning the dung chair. Offenders sat exposed on a toilet seat while the crowd threw rotten food and mud.

The targets were scolds, gossips, and dishonest tradesmen, but overwhelmingly women. By 1378 the poem Piers Plowman called it women’s punishment. A slip of pronunciation turned cucking into ducking, first recorded in 1597, and towns built seesaw rigs on riverbanks to match the word. During the witch hunts the same idea became the water test, a trial no one could win. The physical practice died out in farce, yet its legal ghost survived far longer than anyone would guess.

• Wheeled versions called tumbrels let magistrates drag an offender around the whole parish so that nobody missed the spectacle.
• Suspected witches were bound right thumb to left big toe and thrown into deep water. Floating meant guilt, and sinking meant innocence and often drowning.
• Jenny Pipes of Leominster, branded a notorious scold, became the last woman ducked under English law in 1809.
• In 1817 Sarah Leeke was sentenced, strapped in, and wheeled to the water, only for officials to find it too shallow to dunk her.
• A New Jersey grand jury indicted a woman as a common scold in 1972, and the judge struck the charge down as vague and discriminatory under the 14th Amendment.