Picture a sheriff and you probably see a lawman with a star in a dusty Western town, or the villain of the Robin Hood legends. Yet in Scotland the sheriff is the judge who sentences you, in Ireland the one who seizes your assets over unpaid tax, and in Mumbai a well dressed host greeting foreign dignitaries. This episode traces one job title from its Old English root, the shire reeve or king’s manager for a county, whose real power lay in collecting the land tax known as geld.

That power bred corruption, so England stripped the office down until the high sheriff became purely ceremonial. Other countries rebuilt it to fit their own needs. Scotland made sheriffs senior judges, Ireland and the Australian state of Victoria made them civil enforcers, the United States made them elected county lawmen, and Canada kept them mostly inside the courts. Iceland’s version, dating to the Old Covenant of 1262 to 1264, performs civil marriages and handles inheritances.

• A Scottish sheriff must have practiced law for at least 10 years and, sitting with a jury of 15, can impose up to five years in prison or an unlimited fine.
• Scotland’s sheriffs principal also serve as commissioners of the Northern Lighthouse Board under 18th century legislation.
• Ireland’s 14 revenue sheriffs are private solicitors who, until 1998, could keep the interest earned on the taxes they collected.
• In Victoria, the sheriff can clamp your car, seize and sell your assets, and have your license suspended over unpaid fines.
• Alberta sheriffs have answered rural 911 calls since 2019, while Norway absorbed its rural sheriff office entirely in 2021.