Vivien Thomas was born in Louisiana in 1910, grew up in Nashville as the son of a master carpenter, and saved every penny for medical school until the bank failures of 1930 wiped his savings out. He took a job as a laboratory assistant to Dr. Alfred Blalock at Vanderbilt, where he was classified and paid as a janitor, and within weeks he was running complex surgical experiments alone. Together they overturned the idea that traumatic shock came from a mystery toxin: Thomas weighed the fluid leaking from damaged vessels into tissue and showed that lost plasma explained the fall in blood pressure, work that guided plasma treatment for crush injuries in World War II.

In 1941 Blalock took Thomas to Johns Hopkins, where segregation was so rigid that Thomas changed out of his lab coat just to cross the courtyard. When pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig asked whether the pipes of blue babies with tetralogy of Fallot could be reconnected, Thomas spent two years recreating the defect in about 200 dogs and filing sewing needles down by hand to join the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery. On November 29, 1944, he stood on a step stool coaching Blalock through the first human operation on 15 month old Eileen Saxon. The 1945 paper and the name Blalock Taussig shunt left him out entirely.

• Blalock had done the operation only once in the lab, as Thomas’s assistant; Thomas had done it hundreds of times
• Thomas moonlighted as a bartender at parties, many held at Blalock’s own home, serving surgeons he had trained
• Morgan State refused him any credit for his research in 1947, so he gave up on a medical degree
• He mentored Levi Watkins Jr., Hopkins’ first Black cardiac resident, on lab work behind the implantable defibrillator
• A 1968 portrait beside Blalock’s, a 1976 honorary doctorate, and his death in 1985 days before his autobiography came out