Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays in 1895 — accidentally, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes — and the world changed overnight. Within weeks, doctors were using them to see broken bones, and within months, the discovery had transformed medicine forever. Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize in Physics and refused to patent the technology, insisting that his discovery belonged to humanity. He died nearly broke.

This episode traces Rontgen from his Dutch childhood and the expulsion from school that almost ended his academic career, through the accidental X-ray discovery, the first Nobel Prize, and the principled poverty of his final years.

• Rontgen’s expulsion from school for a prank he did not commit and the career detour it caused
• The accidental discovery of X-rays and the photograph of his wife’s hand that stunned the world
• The first Nobel Prize in Physics and his refusal to patent the technology
• The wartime inflation that consumed his savings and the poverty of his final years