In 1975 in A Coruña, Spain, Amancio Ortega and Rosalía Mera planned to call their shop Zorba, after the 1964 film, until they learned a bar two blocks away already used the name; they rearranged the sign letters with a spare A and became Zara. Starting with low-priced lookalikes of high fashion, the company borrowed just-in-time methods from carmakers around 1990 and cut design-to-shelf time from the industry’s six months to as little as one week. It produces about 12,000 items from 40,000 designs a year, routes everything through a central distribution center in Spain handling over 450 million items annually, and makes about half its merchandise, the trendiest pieces, in Galicia, northern Portugal and Turkey.

Store managers send daily reports on what customers buy, try on and request, slow sellers are pulled within a week, and European shoppers visit Zara 17 times a year versus three for a typical store, so the company skips advertising and spends on prime real estate. The pace has brought friction: a Brazilian factory making Zara clothing was closed in 2011 over labor conditions, unpaid Bravo Textile workers in Istanbul hid notes in garments in 2017, about 1,000 shop assistants struck on Black Friday 2022 and won a 322 euro monthly raise, and in 2024 Zara agreed to a $1.25 million New York overtime settlement. Nine days after Greenpeace’s 2012 Toxic Threads report, it pledged to end hazardous chemical releases by 2020.

• Zara generated 26.2 billion euros in 2023 across more than 2,000 stores in about 96 countries.
• Finnish authorities investigated four stores in 2023 after 95% of surveyed staff at one called the workload unbearable.
• Artist Tuesday Bassen showed Zara had copied her pins and patches in 2016, and Inditex suspended the items after public backlash.
• A 2014 striped toddler shirt with a yellow six-pointed star was pulled within hours.
• A 2023 campaign called The Jacket was withdrawn after 50 complaints to the UK Advertising Standards Authority.